Carbon emissions reductions from Indonesia's moratorium on forest concessions are cost-effective yet contribute little to Paris pledges.

International initiatives for reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) could make critical, cost-effective contributions to tropical countries' nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Norway, a key donor of such initiatives, had a REDD+ partnership with Indonesia, offering results-based payments in exchange for emissions reductions calculated against a historical baseline. Central to this partnership was an area-based moratorium on new oil palm, timber, and logging concessions in primary and peatland forests. We evaluate the effectiveness of the moratorium between 2011 and 2018 by applying a matched triple difference strategy to a unique panel dataset. Treated dryland forest inside moratorium areas retained, at most, an average of 0.65% higher forest cover compared to untreated dryland forest outside the moratorium. By contrast, carbon-rich peatland forest was unaffected by the moratorium. Cumulative avoided dryland deforestation from 2011 until 2018 translates into 67.8 million to 86.9 million tons of emissions reductions, implying an effective carbon price below Norway's US$5 per ton price. Based on Norway's price, our estimated cumulative emissions reductions are equivalent to a payment of US$339 million to US$434.5 million. Annually, our estimates suggest a 3 to 4% contribution to Indonesia's NDC commitment of a 29% emissions reduction by 2030. Despite the Indonesia-Norway partnership ending in 2021, reducing emissions from deforestation remains critical for meeting this commitment. Future area-based REDD+ initiatives could build on the moratorium's outcomes by reforming its incentives and institutional arrangements, particularly in peatland forest areas.

Does investment in palm oil trade alleviate smallholders from poverty in Africa? Investigating profitability from a biodiversity hotspot, Cameroon.

In this study we investigate whether the increasing investment in smallholder oil palm plantations that contributes to deforestation is motivated by financial gains or other factors. We evaluate the financial viability of smallholder farmers selling fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) to intermediaries or agro-industrial companies with mills, or processing the FFBs in artisanal mills to produce palm oil. We use data collected in four oil palm production basins in Cameroon and carried out a life cycle assessment of oil palm cultivation and CPO production to understand financial gains. We use payback period (PBP), internal rate of return (IRR), benefit cost ratio (BCR) and net present value (NPV) for 1 ha of oil palm plantation over 28 years at a base discount rate of 8% to asses viability. Our results show that smallholders make more money processing their FFBs in artisanal mills to produce CPO than selling FFBs to intermediaries or agro-industrial companies with mills. The sensitivity analysis show that land ownership is the single most important parameter in the profitability of investment in palm oil cultivation and trade. In addition to land cost, smallholders suffer from borrowing at high interest rates, high field management costs, while recording low on-farm FFB/processing yields. To improve the financial viability of smallholders investing in oil palm cultivation, measures are needed to encourage them to access land, get loans at reduced interest rates, reduce the cost of field management, adopt good agricultural practices to improve on-farm FFB/processing yields, as well as to generate additional revenue from the sale of other products.

Bananas, coffee and palm oil: The trade of agricultural commodities in the framework of the EU-Colombia free trade agreement.

Generally, research and studies about commodities focus on price trends, analysis in terms of international competitiveness, market position structure, rate of net exports, market share, and concentration index. This paper has developed an analysis of the most influential agricultural commodities traded from Colombia to European Union, which are bananas, coffee, and palm oil. Analyzing the economic and commercial effects in two traditional agricultural commodities from Colombia (bananas and coffee) with the rise of palm oil as a commodity in the trade relation with its partner; the European Union. The structure draws from the overview of general aspects and the behavior of Colombian foreign trade, as diversification of export products and trade partners, to focus on the characteristics of the trade relationship between the European Union and Colombia. The aim is analyze the proportional relation between bananas, coffee, and palm oil exported to the EU, according to three indicators, the volume of production, exports share, and trade value, from 2008 until 2019, identifying the trends before and after the implementation of the free trade agreement. Finally, with the coefficient correlation, determine the agricultural commodity that has the strongest and positive relationship with the total agricultural exports value from Colombia to the European Union.

Palm oil: Understanding barriers to sustainable consumption.

Palm oil is relatively inexpensive, versatile, and popular, generating great economic value for Southeast Asian countries. However, the growing demand for palm oil is leading to deforestation and biodiversity loss. The current study is the first to employ a capability-opportunity-motivation (COM-B) framework in green consumerism, to determine which capability, opportunity, and motivation factors strongly predict the intentional purchasing of sustainable palm oil products by Australian consumers (N = 781). Exploratory factor analysis revealed four main types of predictors of SPO purchasing-Pro-Green Consumption Attitudes, Demotivating Beliefs, Knowledge and Awareness, and Perceived Product Availability. Multiple regression revealed that these four factors explained 50% of the variability in SPO purchasing behaviour, out of which Knowledge and Awareness accounted for 18% of the unique variance. Perceived Product Availability and Pro-Green Consumption Attitudes were also significant predictors but accounted for only 2% and 1% of unique variance, respectively. These results provide a valuable foundation for designing behaviour change interventions to increase consumer demand for sustainable palm oil products.

Biochemical properties, nutritional values, health benefits and sustainability of palm oil.

Palm oil (PO), although subject of controversies, is the most consumed oil and the first source of oil widely produced. In this review, we discussed its biochemical composition in fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamin E, its phenolic compounds, and its nutritional benefits. We addressed its biochemical properties in relation with the stereospecific distribution of its unsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position in triacylglycerols. PO is one of the most stable oils, which help it prolong food storability mostly due not only to its content of saturated fatty acids, but also to its antioxidant compounds. PO plays an important role in the prevention of many pathologies (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and cancers). It is widely use in nutrition especially in the food industry and in biodiesel industry. Faced with attacks from environmentalists who blame PO for destorying biodiversity, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable PO production plan. Compliance with sustainable PO goals would help ease those controversies. The use and consumption of PO in normal or moderate amounts in a varied, balanced and adequate diet does not present any known health risk. Education campaigns on the nutritional benefits of PO should be promoted.

Progress in Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation of Oil Palm: An Overview.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) is a prominent vegetable-oil-yielding crop. Cultivating high-yielding oil palm with improved traits is a pre-requisite to meet the increasing demands of palm oil consumption. However, tissue culture and biotechnological approaches can resolve these concerns. Over the past three decades, significant research has been carried out to develop tissue culture and genetic transformation protocols for oil palm. Somatic embryogenesis is an efficient platform for the micropropagation of oil palm on a large scale. In addition, various genetic transformation techniques, including microprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated, Polyethylene glycol mediated mediated, and DNA microinjection, have been developed by optimizing various parameters for the efficient genetic transformation of oil palm. This review mainly emphasizes the methods established for in vitro propagation and genetic transformation of oil palm. Finally, we propose the application of the genome editing tool CRISPR/Cas9 to improve the various traits in this oil yielding crop.

Household coverage of vitamin A fortification of edible oil in Bangladesh.

Mandatory fortification of edible oil (soybean and palm) with vitamin A was decreed in Bangladesh in 2013. Yet, there is a dearth of data on the availability and consumption of vitamin A fortifiable oil at household level across population sub-groups. To fill this gap, our study used a nationally representative survey in Bangladesh to assess the purchase of fortifiable edible oil among households and project potential vitamin A intake across population sub-groups. Data is presented by strata, age range and poverty-the factors that potentially influence oil coverage. Across 1,512 households, purchase of commercially produced fortifiable edible oil was high (87.5%). Urban households were more likely to purchase fortifiable oil (94.0%) than households in rural low performing (79.7%) and rural other strata (88.1%) (p value: 0.01). Households in poverty were less likely to purchase fortifiable oil (82.1%) than households not in poverty (91.4%) (p <0.001). Projected estimates suggested that vitamin A fortified edible oil would at least partially meet daily vitamin A estimated average requirement (EAR) for the majority of the population. However, certain population sub-groups may still have vitamin A intake below the EAR and alternative strategies may be applied to address the vitamin A needs of these vulnerable sub-groups. This study concludes that a high percentage of Bangladeshi population across different sub-groups have access to fortifiable edible oil and further provides evidence to support mandatory edible oil fortification with vitamin A in Bangladesh.

The palm oil industry and noncommunicable diseases.

Large-scale industries do not operate in isolation, but have tangible impacts on human and planetary health. An often overlooked actor in the fight against noncommunicable diseases is the palm oil industry. The dominance of palm oil in the food processing industry makes it the world's most widely produced vegetable oil. We applied the commercial determinants of health framework to analyse the palm oil industry. We highlight the industry's mutually profitable relationship with the processed food industry and its impact on human and planetary health, including detrimental cultivation practices that are linked to respiratory illnesses, deforestation, loss of biodiversity and pollution. This analysis illustrates many parallels to the contested nature of practices adopted by the alcohol and tobacco industries. The article concludes with suggested actions for researchers, policy-makers and the global health community to address and mitigate the negative impacts of the palm oil industry on human and planetary health.

Les grandes industries ne fonctionnent pas en vase clos; elles ont des effets tangibles sur la santé des individus et de la planète. Un acteur souvent négligé dans la lutte contre les maladies non transmissibles est l'industrie de l'huile de palme. Étant donné sa prédominance dans l'industrie alimentaire, l'huile de palme est l'huile végétale la plus largement produite au monde. Nous avons appliqué les déterminants commerciaux de la santé pour analyser l'industrie de l'huile de palme. Nous mettons en évidence la relation mutuellement profitable entre cette industrie et l'industrie des aliments transformés ainsi que ses effets sur la santé des individus et de la planète, et notamment des pratiques culturales néfastes liées à des maladies respiratoires, la déforestation, la diminution de la diversité biologique et la pollution. Cette analyse établit de nombreux parallèles avec la nature contestée de pratiques adoptées par les industries de l'alcool et du tabac. L'article se conclut par des propositions d'action pour que les chercheurs, les responsables politiques et la communauté mondiale de la santé examinent et atténuent les effets négatifs de l'industrie de l'huile de palme sur la santé des individus et de la planète.

Las industrias a gran escala no operan de forma aislada, sino que tienen un impacto tangible en la salud humana y del planeta. Un agente que a menudo se ignora en la lucha contra las enfermedades no contagiosas es la industria del aceite de palma. El predominio del aceite de palma en la industria del procesamiento de alimentos lo convierte en el aceite vegetal más producido del mundo. Se han aplicado los determinantes comerciales del marco de la salud para analizar la industria del aceite de palma. Cabe destacar la relación mutuamente beneficiosa de la industria con la industria de los alimentos procesados y su impacto en la salud humana y del planeta, incluidas las prácticas de cultivo perjudiciales que están relacionadas con las enfermedades respiratorias, la deforestación, la pérdida de biodiversidad y la contaminación. Este análisis ilustra muchos paralelismos con la naturaleza controvertida de las prácticas adoptadas por las industrias del alcohol y el tabaco. El artículo concluye con varias sugerencias de posibles medidas para que los investigadores, los responsables de la formulación de políticas y la comunidad mundial de la salud aborden y mitiguen los impactos negativos de la industria del aceite de palma en la salud humana y del planeta.

The development and implementation of a new import duty on palm oil to reduce non-communicable disease in Fiji.

BACKGROUND: Non communicable diseases (NCD) place a significant health burden on Pacific Island countries including Fiji. Policy interventions to curb NCDs have been implemented in Fiji including a 32% increase in the import duty on palm oil. This study aims to analyse the development and implementation of the increase in palm oil import duty in Fiji. Also, to document the policy process, identify barriers and facilitators during implementation and to examine the impact of the new import duty on import volumes. METHODS: Data were collected through key informant interviews with private stakeholders, government officials and supermarket managers. Transcripts were analysed thematically. Import volumes were analysed for the 2010-2015 period. RESULTS: Facilitators of policy development and implementation included stakeholder awareness of the health implications of palm oil, preparation of a comprehensive policy briefing paper, and inter-sectoral support and leadership. This decrease in the availability of palm oil was encouraging however, it may have been counteracted to some extent by industry relabelling the product as vegetable oil. CONCLUSIONS: Barriers to policy changes need to be anticipated during the policy development process. Whilst the decline in imports probably reduced population consumption, further research is needed to determine if this translated to a population wide reduction in saturated fat.

El mundo celebra cien años de producción comercial de palma de aceite, el referente de Malasia / The World Celebrates One Hundred Years of Commercial Oil Palm Production, with Malaysia as a Benchmark

Malasia es el segundo país de Asia en implementar una iniciativa nacional de bioeco-nomía, y la palma de aceite viene jugando un rol clave en esta estrategia. Por un lado, por su con-tribución a la Estrategia Nacional de Biomasa, y por otro, con la consolidación de los procesos de investigación y desarrollo de productos diversi"cados y con alta agregación de valor. La generación de bioproductos para la industria química y el desarrollo de productos farmacéuticos, nutricionales y biocosméticos, así como la creación de bioservicios relacionados con la medicina celular y las células madre, son el futuro.

Malaysia was the second Asian country to implement a national bioeconomics initiative, where oil palm has been playing a key strategic role with its contribution, on the one hand, to the National Biomass strategy and, on the other hand, to the consolidation of research and development of diversi"ed and high value added products. _e development of bioproducts for the chemical industry, as well as of pharmaceutical, nutritional and biocosmetic products, and the creation of bioservices related to cellular medicine and stem cells, are the future.

100 años de gloria y el horizonte por venir / 100 Years of Glory and the Next

Mientras celebramos los 100 años de la siembra comercial de palma de aceite en nuestro país, tenemos también tiempo para reflexionar. Un análisis oportuno 100 años de gloria y el horizonte por venir nos permite reafirmar algunos de los planes en curso y, quizá, retomar algunos caminos que habíamos iniciado. A medida que retomamos conversaciones con los malasios mediante la iniciativa gubernamental de Transformación Nacional TN50, quizá es también momento de incorporar a la industria del aceite de palma a este proyecto para trazar una hoja de ruta conjunta para 2050

While we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the commercial sowing of oil palm in our country, we also have time to reflect. A timely analysis 100 years of glory and the horizon to come allows us to reaffirm some of the plans underway and, perhaps, resume some of the paths we had started. As we resume conversations with Malaysians through the government's National Transformation TN50 initiative, perhaps it is also time to incorporate the palm oil industry into this project to draw a joint roadmap for 2050

Olive oil, Mediterranean diet and health

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Diagnóstico de la mecanización del cultivo de la palma de aceite en Colombia / Diagnostic of the mechanization of oil palm crop in Colombia

Con el fin de avanzar en el programa de investigación en mecanización del cultivo de palma de aceite, se seleccionaron plantaciones en cada una de las zonas palmeras de Colombia (Oriental, Central, Occidental y Norte), las cuales debían cumplir con las siguientes características: plantación de tamaño grande (> 500 ha) y algún grado de mecanización en ciertas actividades del proceso productivo. Una vez seleccionadas, se realizaron visitas guiadas por los directores agronómicos o por sus asistentes en cada plantación, se tomó un registro fotográfico y se diligenció el instrumento o encuesta relacionada con las líneas de investigación definidas con anticipación; se hizo énfasis en los equipos utilizados, la frecuencia relativa de las tecnologías y los rendimientos de las labores mecanizadas. Este estudio concluye que existe gran dependencia de mano de obra y bajos rendimientos en las diferentes labores, lo cual afecta directamente los costos de producción.

To advance the research agenda in the mechanization of oil palm production, some plantations were selected in each of the palm growing regions of Colombia (East, Central, West and North). These plantations had to meet the following criteria: large plantation (> 500 ha) and with some degree of mechanization in certain activities of the productive process. Once selected, visits guided by agronomic managers, or their assistants, were conducted in each plantation; a photographic record was taken and a survey form related to previously defined research lines was filled out. Emphasis was placed on the equipment used, the relative frequency of the technologies and the performance of the mechanized operations. This study concludes that there is a heavy reliance on manual labor and poor labor performance, which directly affect production costs.

La mecanización del cultivo de palma de aceite / The mechanization of oil palm crop

El cultivo de palma de aceite ha presentado en los últimos años un notable crecimiento y hay estudios que sugieren la existencia de zonas sin restricciones o con restricciones moderadas donde podría seguir creciendo. Sin embargo, ello presenta, entre muchos otros, problemas de escasez de mano de obra, que en países como Malasia se han enfrentado con la mecanización. En Colombia, en cambio, es un área que apenas empieza a ser investigada. Este artículo presenta una revisión del estado del arte sobre algunos aspectos relacionados con la mecanización agrícola, especialmente en el cultivo de palma de aceite en labores que requieren alta mano de obra como son: transporte interno de racimos de fruta fresca, aplicación de fertilizantes, control de malezas y corte de racimos.

Oil palm crop has been consistently growing in the last years; and according to some studies there are regions without restrictions or with mild restrictions through which oil palm planted area could expand. However, crop expansion in these regions must face, among others, labor shortage issues. Mechanization is an alternative to face this problem in countries such as Malaysia. However, this is a filed in which oil palm research has just begun in Colombia. This paper shows a review over some aspects related to agricultural mechanization, especially on oil palm cultivation in activities that are labor-demanding such as internal fresh fruit bunch handling and transport, fertilizer application, weed control and harvest.

Determinación del nivel de dilución apropiado en el proceso de clarificación y diseño de un sistema de control automático / Efficient dilution levels of diluted press liquor in the palm-oil clarification process and the design of an automated control system to maintain

En este trabajo se evaluaron ocho niveles de dilución del licor de prensa (LP) en el proceso de clarificación del aceite en un rango entre 0,8 y 1,4, medidos en el licor de prensa diluido (LPD) como %volumen aceite / %volumen agua...

In this study were evaluated eight levels of dilution for liquid coming out of the Press (LP) in the palm oil clarification process in a range between 0.8 and 1.4, measured as %voloil / %volwater in the diluted press-liquor (LPD)...